Having defined and validated the pairwise feedback simulator and evaluations in AlpacaFarm, we569 now turn our attention to studying methods that learn from pairwise feedback on AlpacaFarm.570 Unfortunately, the lack of existing benchmarks for learning from pairwise feedback for instruction571 following means that there has not been any open study of these methods in the instruction-following572 setting. In the remainder of this section, we will introduce our reference methods, which fall into two575 categories based on whether they fit a surrogate reward model as part of the learning process.576 FeedME is a method proposed by OpenAI [45] that incorporates human feedback578 with supervised fine-tuning on model generations that are rated 7/7 by human labelers. We adapt579 this approach to the pairwise feedback setting and call this baseline binary FeedME. This approach580 fine-tunes the SFT model on the chosen response in each preference pair with supervised learning.581 Motivated by controllable generation through conditioning [27, 34,582 29, 21], we propose binary reward conditioning, a baseline method that fine-tunes the SFT model583 with the feedback data Dpairwise by conditioning instances with either a positive or negative control584 token. Specifically, for each instance (x,y0,y1,z) 2D pairwise, the string concatenation of instruction585 x and response yz denoted as [x,yz] is prepended with the positive token and used in supervised586 fine-tuning (similarly [x,y1 z]is prepended with the negative token). This process creates a modified587 demonstration dataset that is double the size of Dpairwise. At test time, we draw samples from the588 fine-tuned model conditioned on the positive token.589 A.2 Methods that optimize a surrogate reward function590 We now describe methods that incorporate feedback by first building a surrogate reward model with591 pairwise feedback data. To start, we describe the step of training the surrogate reward model.592 While this can be a powerful approach,596 we will see that it can also lead to over-optimization [19] where models learn to exploit the reward597 model rather than achieve high true reward. We now describe 4 methods that leverage the surrogate598 reward model.599

John Pendry is known for creating an invisibility cloak. John Pendry's kitchen is dominated by a huge photograph of what looks like the view through a kaleidoscope: dizzying shards of purple, green, yellow and white. Given that Pendry is famous above all else for inventing an invisibility cloak - a device that can bend light around objects - I wonder if I am looking at something related to that. But no, he tells me, the image simply shows crystals of vitamin C magnified many times. All that invisibility-cloak stuff is in the past, he says, and he has moved on to "more exciting things".

Science Space Deep Space Black Holes For the first time, astronomers witnessed the birth of a'magnetar' These fast spinning, magnetic neutron stars may power some of the brightest supernovae in the cosmos. Artist's conception of a magnetar surrounded by an accretion disk that is wobbling, or precessing, because of the effects of general relativity. Some models of magnetars suggest that high-speed jets of charged particles emanate from the magnetar along its rotation axis. Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent six days a week. In December 2024, astronomers watched a star around 25 times the mass of our sun die in a blaze of glory.

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The Chandra X-Ray Observatory has gathered over 1.3 million detections in 27 years. Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent six days a week. NASA's Chandra X-Ray Observatory is considered one of the agency's greatest achievements, but it's not necessarily as recognizable as siblings like the James Webb and Hubble Space Telescopes . However, since 1999, the powerful spacecraft has peered deep into the cosmos to provide astronomers with never-before-seen glimpses of the Milky Way galaxy . As the observatory nears its 27th anniversary, NASA is highlighting its Chandra Source Catalog (CSC), an absolutely massive archive of visualization data collected over the years.

Brooklyn Beckham and Nicola Peltz's wedding guest speaks out and claims Victoria DID dance inappropriately with her son Stocks set to plunge and Wall Street fear gauge surges over Trump's Greenland tariff threats AMANDA PLATELL: This single line in Brooklyn Beckham's nuclear outburst is brutal... but it's made me rethink EVERYTHING about Victoria and David Cut BACK on breakfast cereal. Knott's Berry Farm thrill seeker taught painful lesson after trying to cut line at crowded theme park Denver man is arrested for first degree murder of two-year-old... as his sordid child abuse history comes to light I got the'taboo' cancer soaring among women. Treatment saved my life... but I can NEVER have sex again. It didn't have to be like this The six WORST foods for your gut health, revealed by experts.. and it's bad news if you're a fan of sliced bread, fizzy drinks and oysters The Alexander brothers' glittering real estate empire and untouchable playboy status hangs in the balance as sex trafficking trial begins The children of the Iranian regime elite flaunting their wealth and luxury lifestyles... as thousands are slaughtered for daring to stand up to their families Indiana coach Curt Cignetti's obsession with Chipotle goes viral during college playoff final Dark side of America's favorite vacation hotspot... where women are subjected to the most horrific sex attacks imaginable Joseph Gordon-Levitt was the hottest actor in Hollywood... then vanished: Unearthing family tragedy that sparked disappearance and has left'lasting' scars Tragic details emerge about Canadian woman, 19, found dead and surrounded by dingoes on K'gari We were $460,000 in debt. We weren't high earners and paid it off using simple but life-changing tricks... anyone can do it Meghan Markle's series With Love, Meghan'won't be returning to Netflix for another season' China's real-life'robocops': City deploys AI-powered humanoid police officer that barks orders at civilians and works'around the clock' NASA has revealed the sharpest ever look at the edge of a black hole, and it could solve a decades-old galactic mystery.

Renee Good's last moments revealed as woman suffered FOUR gunshot wounds during deadly clash with ICE America's new hottest housing market is a leafy town with great prices where homes are selling at record speed Newsom backs away comment on his own office's his X account after post branded ICE'state-sponsored terrorism' A former Marine was unmasked as the'Zodiac killer' after a bombshell new investigation. I suffered a horrific side effect of a drug used by millions of Americans... and my face'melted off' 'Gigantic' refunds promised in bumper tax season... here's what you'll get and how it hits the US economy Inside the'stalled' investigation into Timothy Busfield: Explosive police claims about how Warner Bros kept star out of handcuffs Sharon Stone blasts'kids' who accused her of stealing seat at awards show in profane rant Case cracked after teen disappeared without a trace in 1965... as his skull is found 2,000 miles away riddled with bullet holes Ellen Greenberg's fiancé Sam Goldberg breaks cover as feds reopen probe into her'suicide'... and late teacher's mother shares incredible sign sent from beyond the grave The rewarding, high-paid and storied trade job AI can't fill - but humans don't want European diplomats reveal the'tough guy' US negotiator leading the charge on Greenland: 'He hates us' Timothy Busfield told cops he wanted a'playful environment' on set after arrest for child sex crimes FedEx driver accused of abducting and killing little girl while delivering her Christmas present says he shouldn't be executed because he has autism Rare look inside $65million Manhattan penthouse reveals the bewildering lifestyle perks of NYC's ultra-rich READ MORE: Little red dots are'the most violent forces in the universe' Astronomers have captured the moment a'reborn' supermassive black hole awakened after 100 million years of silence. Incredible images show the black hole erupting like a'cosmic volcano', with enough force to reshape its entire host galaxy. Spanning almost one million light-years, these plumes of cosmic lava are nearly 10 times wider than the Milky Way. Lead researcher Dr Shobha Kumari, of Midnapore City College in India, says: 'It's like watching a cosmic volcano erupt again after ages of calm.'

Big hitter Peter F. Hamilton has a new sci-fi novel out this month - and Booker winner George Saunders ventures into speculative fiction with his latest book, Vigil Is it an asteroid or an alien in Van Jensen's Godfall? Welcome to January, a month when many of us are keen to escape from the world into the pages of a book. Thankfully, science fiction is here to help, whether that's with a story set on a generation ship where things aren't as they seem, courtesy of Peter F. Hamilton, or journeying to an alternate version of this world where the Roman Empire is still in charge, in Solitaire Townsend's . Add to the mix a time-loop murder, a UFO romance and some eco-horror, and there's plenty of choice for sci-fi fans this month. A generation ship is in search of a new home in Peter F. Hamilton's latest sci-fi novel Big hitter Peter F. Hamilton sets his latest outing on a generation ship in search of a new world, where people are only allowed to live for 65 years so they don't deplete the ship's resources. When a teenager Hazel's brother has an accident that means he is no longer productive, he is set to be killed off.

Science Space Deep Space Space Telescope Two neutron stars may have formed the first known'superkilonova' The historic explosion was 1.3 billion light-years away from Earth. Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. A double blast of dying stars may be the first observed case of a long-hypothesized, never proven "superkilonova." Although astronomers are still searching for concrete answers, a study published in may detail the historic explosion about 1.3 billion light-years from Earth. Most of the universe's massive stars end their lives in a blaze of glory as supernovae, but that's not always the case.